An Arco-flagellant begins as a heretic, one whose sin was judged too grave for mercy yet not so black as to forbid all hope of redemption. Rather than granting such a wretch a clean execution, the Ecclesiarchy sentences them to arco-flagellation, a terrible penance carried out by the Adeptus Mechanicus at the Ministorum's command. The purpose is not merely punishment but purification: to physically tear the sin from the body so that, in death, the cleansed soul might add its strength to the God-Emperor's own.
The process remakes the condemned into a living weapon. Muscle is grafted and augmented, and the flesh is fitted with brutal implements, cutting claws, pneu-mattocks, and electro-flails, while injectors are threaded into the spine. In peace the creature is held dormant by a Pacifier Helmet, its ruined mind flooded with soothing hymns and holy imagery so that it stands in deadened, blissful stillness, stirring only to shuffle where it is led. It knows nothing of the horror it has become.
Then it is dragged into battle and the helmet is switched off. The injectors flood the body with a volatile cocktail of combat stimulants, and the flagellant erupts into a frenzy of superhuman strength and speed, its senses now blind to all but those its handlers have not marked as friendly. It hurls itself at the nearest living thing and rends it apart, utterly heedless of its own wounds, a shrieking engine of penitent slaughter loosed as a suicide weapon upon the enemies of the faith.